The Rise of Nationalism in Europe [All in One] [Answers]

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

ANSWERS

Check Point 01

Q. 1. By which name the ‘Civil code of 1804’ of France is generally known with?

Answer: The ‘Civil code of 1804’ of France is also known with the name ‘Napoleonic code.’ It is because it contains such rights ordered by Napoleon such as equality before the law, right to property, simplification of the administrative system, restrictions on guild was removed, the feudal system was abolished, etc.

Q. 2. What did the idea of la Patrie and le citoyen signify in the French Revolution?

Answer: The idea of la Patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) in the French Revolution signify that community should enjoy equal rights under the constitution of the country and this created the sense of collective identity among the French People.

Q. 3. Among the social and political class, which was dominant in Europe in the mid- 18th century?

Answer: Landed aristocracy was the dominant class in Europe in the mid- 18th century among the social and the Political class. Their unity was based on their collective agenda even though they were a small group. They hold estates and townhouses and spoke French to maintain the diplomatic view.

Q. 4. What is Zollverein?

Answer: In 1834, Zollverein or customs union was established by the Prussia, and most of the German states joined this. According to this, tariff barriers were abolished, and the number of currencies was reduced from thirty to two.

Q. 5. The independence of which country was recognised by the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832?

Answer: The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised the independence of Greece. It was through the support of the Nationalists in Greece, west Europeans, poets, and artists that in 1832 Treaty of Constantinople recognised Greece as an independent country.

Q. 6. Why was the decade of 1830s known as great economic hardship in Europe?

Answer: Sudden increase in population, the decrease in employment opportunities, the growth of industrialization at other places, increasing food prices and peasants faced struggle, all these reasons made the decade of 1830s as great economic hardship in Europe.

Q. 7. What is the significance of the year 1848 for France?

Answer: The year 1848 was the year which witnessed great hardships. The population of Paris suffered from food shortages and unemployment. The following were the significance of the year 1848 for France –

i. Republic was formed which provided suffrage, i.e., the Right to Vote in political elections to all the male adults above 21 and promised Right to work. Accordingly, national workshops were set up to provide employment opportunities.

ii. It also brought the refusal or rejection of the Monarchical power in France in 1848.

Q. 8. Who was Friedrich Wilhelm IV?

Answer: Friedrich Wilhelm IV was the king of Prussia from 1840-1861. He opposed the elected assembly of German and supported the monarchs. Even though he was a true conservative, he adopted less strict policies and also promised people to form the constitution in future. But since he supported the Monarchs, he rejected the proposal to form an elected legislative assembly. Interestingly, he is referred to as the ‘Romanticist on the Throne’.

Check Point 02

Q. 1. How did the 18th-century artists begin personifying a nation in an allegory?

Answer: In the 18th and 19th-century, artists began personifying a nation in an allegory. It means artists personified nation as a female figure not as a woman of real life but as a figure with physical existence and in concrete form. Thus, nation personified as a female figure became an allegory.

NOTE: Allegory is the term given to the story, poem or to a picture or to the feeling when its hidden meaning is revealed through personifying it. Here, the nation is personified as a person.

Q. 2. What does the crown of oak leaves worn by Germania stand for?

Answer: In the 18th and 19th-century, artists began personifying a nation in an allegory. Germania was the female figure personifying German nation. In the figure, she wears the crown of oak leaves which stands for Heroism.

Q. 3. Identify the countries which comprised the Balkan Peninsula.

Answer: The Balkan was a region with diversity, ethnicity and geographical variation, which comprised of following countries – Modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Albania, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro. Its inhabitants were known as Slavs.

Q. 4. Who were the inhabitants of Balkan region?

Answer: The inhabitants of the Balkan region were known as Slavs. They are mostly from the different countries which come under the Balkan Peninsula which are - Modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Albania, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro.

Self Assessment

Q. 1. Identify the end result of nationalism during the 19th century.

Answer: During the 19th century, the end results of nationalism were the following:

•              It became a belief system with a narrow creed, i.e., not discriminating on the basis of creed or race.

•              As a result of nationalism, nationalist groups became uncontrollable and were always ready to wage war.

As a result, the European powers took advantage of the situation and manipulated the nationalists in Europe to achieve their own imperialist aims.

Q. 2. Who was made the constitutional monarch by in 1830 in France?

Answer: Bourbon Dynasty was overthrown by the Liberal revolutionaries. In July 1830, Liberal revolutionaries made Louis Philippe, the head or the constitutional monarchy in France.

Q. 3. Which country is known as the cradle of civilisation?

Answer: Greece is known as the Cradle of European civilisation. It was titled so that Poets and artists could gain public opinion to fight against the Muslim empire. This way it helped Greeks to fight for their independence.

Q. 4. Name the founder of the secret society, ‘Young Italy’.

Answer: Giuseppe Mazzini was the founder of the secret society, ‘Young Italy.’ It was founded in the year 1831. Mazzini formed this secret society to spread his thoughts and goals to achieve unification of Italy.

Q. 5. Name the battle which Napoleon lost in 1813.

Answer: In 1813, the Battle of Leipzig also known as the battle of nations was lost by Napoleon. After losing for the first time against the coalition army of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden, Napoleon returned to France.

Q. 6. Artists in 18th and 19th centuries found a way out by personifying a nation. What was it?

Answer: Yes, it is true that artists found a way out by personifying a nation. In the 18th and 19th century, artists began personifying a nation in an allegory. It means artists personified nation as a female figure not as a woman of real life but as a figure with physical existence and in concrete form. Also, Germania, the female figure personified as the German nation. In this figure, she wears the crown of oak leaves which stands for Heroism. There is one more image where Germania is standing with the sword for protecting the Rhine River. In the 19th century, a popular Christian name – Christened Marianne was shown as a symbol of People’s nation. Her characteristics were – the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade. Her statues were made and also she was shown on the coins and stamps to make people remember their unity and identity. Q. 7. What was the end result of 19th-century nationalism?

Answer: Nationalism became a belief system with a narrow creed, i.e., not discriminating on the basis of creed or race. As a result of nationalism, nationalist groups became uncontrollable and were always ready to wage war. Later, the European powers took advantage of the situation and manipulated the nationalists in Europe to achieve their own imperialist aims. This was the end result of 19th-century nationalism. Q. 8. Name the journalist who designed the cover of a German Almanac in 1798.

Answer: Andreas Rebmann who lived in the city of Mainz, was the journalist who designed the cover of a German Almanac in 1798. He was a member of the German Jacobin Group.

Q. 9. Which were the two obstacles in the way of Italian unification?

Answer: The two obstacles in the way of Italian unification were:-

•              The population of Italy was divided according to several dynasties and Multi-national Habsburg Empire. Italy was divided into seven states – North was ruled by Austria Habsburgs, Southern regions were ruled by Bourbon Kings of Spain, etc.

 

 

•              There was not one Italian language or a common Italian language instead it had many regional and local variations which show that Italy was not unified in terms of culture.

Q. 10. What is plebiscite?

Answer: Plebiscite is the term given to the process where the direct vote is done, and all the people of that particular region are asked to accept or to reject this direct vote proposal. It is a suitable option for smaller countries like Switzerland where the costs and time won’t be an issue.

Q. 11. Name the French artist who prepared a series of four prints visualising his dreams of a world.

Answer: Frederic Sorrieu, was a French artist who prepared a series of four prints visualising his dreams of a world. It was made of ‘democratic and social republics’ and called them first Print. It showed the people of Europe and America paying homage to the statue of Liberty as the cross or march in a long train.

Q. 12. What do you mean by nationalism? Mention some factors which gave rise to nationalism.

Answer: The term Nationalism refers to develop sentiments or views towards one’s own country. It is the knowledge regarding the social, political and economic aspect of the society or of the nation to promote its interests or beliefs. Some factors which gave rise to Nationalism were:

•              Films, novels, Symbols, folklore, history, and songs motivated people and generated such feelings which inspired them to know their true identity and evoke the sentiments for their nation.

•              Some images or figures, for example – the image of a female figure not as a woman of real life but as a figure with physical existence and in concrete form. Also, Germania, the female figure personified as the German nation. In this figure, she wears the crown of oak leaves which stands for Heroism. She is also shown with the sword protecting the Rhine River. All this inspired the citizens of the country.

•              Many nationalists groups emerged when they saw incidents which made other countries attaining their goals and independence. For example – the events at Balkan which eventually became the major factor of the First World War inspired others to fight for their own rights.

•              Nationalists began to travel to different regions to collect folktales and to preserve those so that the individual could identify his national identity and generate the pride for its nation.

•              At the end of the 19th century, the reinterpretation of history gave rise to the nationalism.

Q. 13. Why did nationalists tension emerge in the Balkans? Explain the reasons.

Answer: The nationalist's tension arose in the Balkans due to the following reasons which were: -

•              Many parts of the Balkan were under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The idea of romantic nationalism and the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire intensified the situation, even though Ottoman Empire tried to strengthen its position by introducing reforms but didn’t succeed, so the Balkan people demanded independence and political rights. They also proved that they were always free but later suppressed by foreign powers.

•              In Balkan, Slavic Nationalities were in search of their identity and independence made the situation worse. The Balkan states wanted to capture more territories no matter how; this made Balkans a big power rivalry.

•              During this time, the European powers conflicted on trade, colonies, naval and military. European powers - Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary, wanted to establish their dominance in Balkan.

All this led to the Nationalists groups to fight for their rights.

Q. 14. What was the spirit of conservatism?

Answer: Conservatism includes those who believe in the importance of tradition and wanted development to happen by establishing proper institutions and customs. The spirit of conservatism was to preserve traditional institutions of the state and the society which were – the monarchy, the church, social hierarchies, property, and the family.

Q. 15. Which social class spearheaded the nationalist movement in Europe? Describe its main demand.

Answer: Peasants, educated middle class such as professionals, commercial class, industrialists, etc., were social class spearheaded the nationalist movement in Europe. Their demands were:

•  To create such government which should be formed based on elections.

•  To have the right to vote, right to form associations and other basic rights.

•  To abolish all the privileges given to the rich people based on birth.

•  To create such rules and laws which promote trade and increase wages and employment opportunities.

•  Politically and socially, all the laws should be made in consideration with all the sections of the society.

Q. 16. Explain any three reasons that helped Greek people to win the war of independence against the Turkish rule.

Answer: The three reasons that helped Greek people to win the war of independence against the Turkish rule were: revolutionary and the nationalistic ideas in Europe generated nationalistic sentiments amongst the Greeks who were since the 15th century were the part of the Ottoman Empire. This led to the start the struggle for independence from 1821.

•              West Europeans and other Greeks living in exile supported nationalists in Greece and had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.

•              Poets and artists named Greece- the cradle of European civilisation. In this way, they gained public opinion to fight against the Muslim empire.

•              Lord Byron, English poet, collected funds and also fought to win the Greek war of independence.

Finally, in 1832, the Treaty of Constantinople was signed making Greece as an independent nation.

Q. 17. Describe any three consequence of liberal revolution of 1848.

Answer: The three consequence of liberal revolution of 1848 were:

•              In February 1848, Republic was formed which provided suffrage, i.e., the right to vote in political elections to all the male adults above 21 and promised right to work. Accordingly, national workshops were set up to provide employment opportunities. It also brought the refusal or rejection of the monarchical power in France in 1848.

•              Liberal middle-class population including men and women demanded Constitutionalism with the goal of national unification.

•              Overall, the idea to create a nation states based on 3 principles were –a Constitution, Freedom of the press and Freedom of association.

Q. 18. What was the impact of Act of the union on Scotland?

Answer: In 1707, The Act of Union on Scotland with England led to the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ and England successfully influenced Scotland. Following were the impact of the Act of Union on Scotland:

•              Majority of the members of the British parliament were English people. Thus, growing British identity affected and suppressed the culture and political institution of Scotland.

•              The Catholic clans living in the Scottish Highlands got affected the most as they were suppressed whenever they fought for their independence.

•              The Scottish Highlanders were not allowed to speak Gaelic language and to wear national dress. They were also thrown out from their homeland.

Q. 19. Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation. Justify.

Answer: Yes, it is true that Italy had a long history of political fragmentation. It is said so because –

•              The population of Italy was divided according to several dynasties and Multi-national Habsburg Empire. Italy was divided into seven states – like Sardinia- Piedmont was the only region ruled by Italian princely house, Pope ruled the Centre, North was ruled by Austria Habsburgs and southern regions was ruled by Bourbon Kings of Spain.

•              There was not one Italian language or a common Italian language instead it had many regional and local variations which show that Italy was not unified in terms of culture.

All this shows that Italy like Germany was politically fragmented and was unstable.

Q. 20. Otto von Bismarck was the architect of ‘German unification.’ Explain.

Answer: Yes, it is true that Otto von Bismarck was considered as the architect of ‘German unification.’ Otto von Bismarck, who along with Prussian army and bureaucracy completed the process of German Unification. Following were the reason which proves that Otto Von Bismarck contributed significantly to German Unification and became its architect –

•  The middle-class population of Germany decided to unite the different regions of German Confederation into a nation with an elected parliament. The group of the large landowners called Junkers of Prussia supported the combined forces of military and monarchy. In this process, Prussia participated and took up the leadership and Otto von Bismarck became its Chief Minister.

•  He carried out this process of national unification with Prussian army.

•  In this process, three wars took place with Austria, Denmark, and France. Prussia won and eventually the process of unification was completed.

Thus Otto von Bismarck along with his Prussian army came out as the architect of German unification.

Q. 21. Describe any four features of the Vienna Treaty of 1815 in Brief.

Answer: The treaty of Vienna of 1815 stated that all the changes that had come due to the Napoleonic war should be reversed. The four features of the Vienna treaty of 1815 were:-

•              The Bourbon dynasty which was removed forcefully was brought back into power. Under Napoleon whichever the territories was acquired by France was lost again.

•              On the boundaries of France, series of states established which prevented expansion of France, such as in the North-kingdom of Netherlands was set up; in the South Genoa was set up; on its western frontier - new territories and a portion of Saxony was given to the Prussia; the control of Northern Italy was given to Austria, and the part of Poland was given to Russia in the east.

•              Napoleon established German confederation of 39 states which remained an untouched subject.

•              The main feature of the treaty of Vienna was to re-establish all the monarchies thrown out by Napoleon and; in Europe new conservative order was created.

Q. 22. The Balkan issue became one of the major factors responsible for the First World War. Explain by giving examples.

Answer: The Balkan was a region with diversity, ethnicity and geographical variation, which comprises of following countries – modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Albania, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro. Its inhabitants were known as Slavs. The Balkan issue become one of the major factors responsible for the First World War. Some of the examples were –

•              Many parts of the Balkan were under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The idea of romantic nationalism and the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire intensified the situation, even though Ottoman empire tried to strengthen its position by introducing reforms but didn’t succeed, so the Balkan people demanded independence and political rights. They also proved that they were always free but later subjugated by foreign powers.

 

•              In Balkan, Slavic Nationalities were in search of their identity and independence made the situation worse. The Balkan states wanted to capture more territories no matter how; this made Balkans a big power rivalry.

•              During this time, the European powers conflicted on trade, colonies, naval and military. Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary wanted to establish their power in Balkan.

All these were the examples that made Balkan issues as the major factor responsible for the First World War.

Q. 23. Explain how did the 18th and 19th-century artist begin personifying a nation in allegory.

Answer: Artists in France found a way out by personifying a nation. In the 18th and 19th century artists begin personifying a nation in an allegory. Allegory is to reveal the hidden meaning of something or giving a form to formless. It means artists personified nation as a female figure not as a woman of real life but as a figure with physical existence and in concrete form. Also, Germania, the female figure personified as the German nation. In this figure, she wears the crown of oak leaves, and German oak Leaves stands for Heroism. There is one more image where Germania is standing with the sword for protecting the Rhine River.

During the French revolution, artists created allegory by personifying a female figure as a symbolism of Liberty, Justice, and Republic. Specific objects and symbols were used to personify this. Like this only, in the 19th century, a popular Christian name – Christened Marianne was shown as a symbol of People’s nation. Her characteristics were – the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade. Her statues were made and she was shown on coins and stamps to make people remember their unity and identity.

Q. 24. Who was Count Camillo de Cavour? Mention his contributions.

Answer: Count Camillo de Cavour also known as Cavour, was the Chief Minister of Italy. He was not a democrat or a revolutionary but an Italian statesman who actively participated in Italian unification. He spoke French better than Italian. His contributions were:

•  He was one of the individuals who fought for the unification of Italy. He took the initiative to unify the regions of Italy by inspiring people through his ideas.

•  He introduced several economic reforms in his native place in Piedmont and Risorgimento was the political newspaper started by him.

•  In 1859, Sardinia Piedmont successfully defeated the Austrian forces. This was possible because Count Camillo de Cavour formed the diplomatic alliance.

•  With his diplomacy, he successfully made Piedmont a new great power in Europe.

•  He practiced such policies which were adopted during post-Italy unification.

Q. 25. ‘The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansion.’

Answer: ‘The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansion’, it was said so because – wars and territorial expansion were not the only two reason behind the development of nationalism, but there were many other reasons which were:-

•              Art and poetry, stories and music which are the part of Culture and traditions also played a significant role in the development of nationalist sentiments.

•              The concept of Romanticism developed during that time gave rise to the group of romantic artists who started expressing emotions, intuitions, and mystical feelings through their art. They criticised reason and science. Example – Johann Gottfried Herder, German Philosopher, believed that German culture should be introduced among the common people, which should be possible only through folk songs, poetry, and dances. So, the collection of such tradition was necessary for the development of the nationalism.

•              Vernacular Language became the medium to spread the messages as it was essential to include those people too in this goal who were illiterate. For example – in Poland which was not an independent territory kept generating their nationalistic sentiments through music and Language.

•              Language became an essential part of this development. For example – Russians imposed the Russian language everywhere and removed polish language from the schools. This incident made other clergy members to use polish as a weapon against their rule. In church gatherings and religious occasions also, polish language was used. Even though Russians punished all those who used Polish language but the use of it served as a symbol to achieve their own freedom against the Russian rule.

Q. 26. How did a wave of economic nationalism strengthen the wider nationalist sentiment growing in Europe? Explain.

Answer: The wave of economic nationalism strengthen the wider nationalist sentiment growing in Europe due to the Following Reason:-

•              The movement of liberalism started with the goal to achieve freedom of markets and to abolish restrictions imposed on the movement of goods and capital.

•              Napoleon introduced such administrative measures which created countless principalities. All these small principalities had their own system of currency, weights, and measures. So if the merchants had to travel across, he had to cross around 11 customs barriers and pay customs duty on each item which was 5% per item. This problem created a wave of Economic Nationalism.

•              Duties on the goods were imposed on the basis of weights and measures. Also, different regions had their own system of weights and measures which were often time consuming task.

•              New Commercial classes demanded unified economic territory to allow the movement of goods, people and capital without any hindrance.

•              In 1834, Zollverein or customs union was established by the Prussia, and most of the German states joined this. According to this, tariff barriers were abolished, and the number of currencies was reduced from thirty to two.

•              Railway system was created, and it improved mobility which controlled the Economic interests of the people; ultimately strengthened the nationalist sentiment of the people.