SST TEST 5 [ANSWERS]

SST TEST 5 [ANSWERS]

FULL MARKS : 40

 

1. What was the nature of conservative regimes set up in 1815?

Ans. They were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments.

2. Who celebrated the Polish national struggle through his operas and music?

Ans. Karol Kurpinski.

3. When was the Frankfurt Parliament held?

Ans. On 18 May 1848 at Frankfurt (Germany) in the church of St. Paul.

4. What is a Utopian Society?

Ans. A society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist.

5. Which class comprised the majority of the population in early 19th century Europe?

Ans. Peasantry formed the majority of the population while the aristocracy was numerically a small group.

6. Who participated in the Congress of Vienna?

Ans. Representatives of Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria met in the Congress of Vienna.

7. Out of the seven states of Italy, which one was ruled by an Italian princely house?

Ans. Sardinia-Piedmont.

8. Who was Guiseppe Garibaldi?

Ans. He was a key figure of the Italian unification, who led the armed volunteers in South Italy.

9. What is an allegory?

Ans. It is a female personification of a nation.

10. What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to the French Revolution in Europe?

Ans. Transfer of sovereignty from monarchy to common citizens of the country.

 

11. What did liberal nationalism stand for?

Ans. For the new middle classes, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.

Politically it meant the concept of government by consent.

Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and a representative government through parliament.

It also stressed the inviolability of private property.

12. In which year was the unification of Italy completed? Mention two features of the unification movement.

Ans. Unification of Italy was completed in 1870.

Despite formidable hurdles which beset the path of unification of Italy, the feeling of liberty, equality and patriotism could not remain suppressed among Italians for a long time.

Some patriots, supporters of democracy, writers, philosophers and many secret institutions resolved to launch a combined struggle to achieve liberty and liberalism for Italy.

13. How did the artists use female allegory during the French Revolution?

Ans. Artists used the female allegory to portray ideas such as liberty, justice and the republic.

These ideals were represented through specific objects or symbols.

The attributes of liberty are the red cap, broken chains, while justice is generally represented through a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales.

14. Describe ‘Germania’.

Ans. Germania became the allegory of the German nation.

In visual representation, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.

The sword in her hand symbolises the readiness to fight.

Her broken chains inspire freedom.

The crown of oak leaves depicts heroism.

The olive branch around the sword signifies a willingness to make peace.

15. What were the effects of Zollverein?

Ans. In 1834, a customs union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and was joined by most of the German states.

The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.

The creation of a network of railways increased mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification.

 

 

16. Describe any five steps taken by French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French people.

Ans. (i) The ideas of la Patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

(ii) A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the formal royal standard.

(iii) The Estates-General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.

(iv) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.

(v) A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.

(vi) Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted. (any five).

 

17. Mention any two economic obstacles that the liberal nationalists wanted to over­come. In what way did the Zollverein customs union of 1834 try to overcome these shortcomings?

Ans. During the early nineteenth century, Europe was closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. In reference to the economy, liberalism denotes freedom of the market, fewer restrictions by the state on the movement of goods and capitals. To get rid of these economic problems was the main demand of the newly emerged middle class.

Existence of countless small principalities, different currencies, number of customs barriers created obstacles to economic exchange and growth for the new commercial classes. To sort out that problem Prussia including most of the German states formed a customs union or Zollverein in 1834.

The Zollverein abolished tariff barriers, reduced number of currencies from 30 to 2, created a network of railways for fast and heavy mobility.

18. How has French artist, Frederic Sorrieu, visualised in his first print, of the series of four prints, his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social republics’? Explain.

OR

Describe Frederic Sorrieu’s utopian vision of the world as depicted in his painting in 1848.

Ans. The French artist, Frederic Sorrieu prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of the world made up of ‘democratic and social republics’.

His First Print showed people of Europe and America – men and women of all ages and social classes – marching in a long train, and offering homage to the Statue of Liberty as they pass by it. Liberty is of course personified as a woman, bearing the torch of Enlightenment in one hand and the charter of the Rights of Man in the other. On the earth, in the foreground of the image, lay the shattered remains of the symbols of Absolute institutions. Leading the procession, way past the Statue of Liberty, are the United States and Switzerland which were at that time already nation-states. In the print of Sorrieu; people of the world are grouped together as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume. France, distinguished by its tricolour flag, has just reached the statue, and she is followed by Germany with their black and gold flag. (Germany was not yet united, but in 1848, when this painting was made, it expressed the hopes of the nation.) Peoples of Austria, kingdoms of two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia follow in that order. From the heavens, Christ, saints and angels gaze upon the scene. They have been used to symbolise the fraternity among the nations of the world.