AGE OF INDUSTRIALISATION [LEVEL 1.1] [ANSWERS]

AGE OF INDUSTRIALISATION

 

1 BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1. Explain any three effects of industrialization on agriculture in the 18th century.

Ans. 

(i) Due to industrialization merchants from the towns began moving to the countryside which affected agriculture in the 18th century.

(ii) In the countryside, peasants and artisans began working for merchants.

(iii) By working for the merchants, they could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots which supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. it also allowed them to fuller use of their family labour resources.

2. What is ‘proto-industrialization’? Write the most dynamic industries in Britain in the first phase of industrialization.

Ans. 

(i) Proto-industrialization was the early phase of industrialization in Europe and England when there was large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories.

(ii) The most dynamic industries in Britain were clearly cotton and metals.

(iii) Growing at a rapid pace, cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialization up to the 1840s.

3. What were the crafts and trade guilds? List their functions.

Ans. 

(i) Crafts and trade guilds were the associations of producers that trained craftspeople. These were very powerful.

(ii) Following were the functions of crafts and trade guilds:

(a) They maintained control over production.

(b) They restricted the entry of new people into the trade.

(c) They regulated competition among traders and prices also.

4. What were guilds? How did they make it difficult for new merchants to set business in towns of England? Explain.

Ans. 

(i) Guilds were associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices and restricted the entry of new people into the trade.

(ii) (a) Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products.

(b) It was, therefore, difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns, so they turned to the countryside.

5. Why did the merchants from the towns in Europe move to the countryside during the 17th and 18th century?

Ans. 

(i) This was for supplying money to peasants and artisans persuading them to produce for an international market.

(ii) With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the ‘ world, the demand for goods began growing. But merchants could not expand production ‘ within towns because urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful.

(iii) These were associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices and restricted the entry of new people into the trade.

(iv) It was difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns so, they turned to the countryside as the rulers had granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products.

(v) Therefore, in the countryside, poor peasants and artisans had begun working happily for new merchants.

6. Highlight any three benefits of industrialization on the society

Ans. 

(i) Industrialization in the 18th century had a big effect on society both in urban and rural areas.

(ii) In the countryside cottagers and commons who depended on common and for their survival had now started working for the merchants.

(iii) This enhanced their income which made their life better.

(iv) Industrialization also caused population migration from rural areas to urban areas as factory emerged around towns.

(v) Industrialization greatly impacted old class structure. Now a new class, the working and middle class or bourgeoisie had emerged. It had created Modern Western Society.

7. Highlight any three features of the Industrial Revolution.

Ans. 

(i) The main characteristic features of industrialization include the application of scientific methods to solve production problems and increasing production.

(ii) Mechanization and division of labour, the growth of the economy, the mobility of the labour, fall in birth rate and rise in Per Capita Income were other features of industrialization.

(iii) Industrialization was the period of social and economic change that transformed a group from an agrarian society into an industrial one involving the extensive reorganization of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing.

8. Which inventions helped the cotton textile industry to adopt the factory system Explain?

Ans. 

(i) In the eighteenth century, many inventions helped the manufactures to adopt factory system.

(ii) Flying shuttle improved the process of hand weaving looms with mechanized and automatic machine looms.

(iii) The Spinning Jenny was a multi-spinal spinning frame which revolutionized the cotton spinning. It enabled workers to produce more yarn in a shorter amount of time.

(iv) Power loom was a mechanized loom powered by a line shaft and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving.

(v) A very important invention in the industry of textile was spinning frame. It was the first powered automatic and continuous textile machine. It enabled to move away from small home manufacturing towards factory production. All these machines required a centralized place therefore, factory system started taking place for fast production.

9. Explain the position of women in Britain in the 19th century.  

Ans. 

(i) During the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution had transformed the life of I women in Britain.

(ii) For working-class women, life was an endless round of hard works and drudgery. As soon as they were old enough they worked in farms and in factories.

(iii) In the 19th century, most working-class girls got some education.

(iv) Lower class women could be servants, domestic help, factory workers, prostitutes etc. Middle and upper middle women were supposed to stay at home and look after the family.

(v) Women were entirely shut out of political activities. They were hardly allowed to vote.

10. Explain the process of industrialization in Britain during the 19th century.

Ans. The main causes of the industrial revolution in England were as follows :

(i) A series of inventions in the 18th century increased the efficacy of each step of the production process and paved the way for industrialization in England.

(ii) There had been enormous expansion in overseas trade of Britain. This was one of the major causes of technological revolution. With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing.

(iii) The vast amount of capital which England had accumulated out of profits of her growing trade enabled her to make large expenditure on machinery and buildings. This led to new technological developments.

(iv) The geographical location of England greatly helped in the industrial revolution. It had extensive coastlines and many navigable rivers when water was the easiest means of transportation.

(v) The availability of coal and iron ores in large quantities greatly helped the growth of numerous industries in England.

11. Why were merchants not able to expand production within the towns of England? Explain any three reasons.

Ans. 

(i) Due to an expansion of world trade, the merchants wanted to expand their production. But trade and craft guilds were very powerful.

(ii) They could create many problems for the merchants in their town.

(iii) Rulers had granted monopoly rights to different guilds to produce and trade in specific products. So, merchants were handicapped in towns.

(iv) In the countryside, peasants and artisans were available for work.

(v) Craft guilds were very powerful. They maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices and restricted the entry of new people into the trade.

12. Why was it so difficult for merchants to set-up business in towns that they had to turn up to the countryside in 17th and 18th centuries in Europe?

Ans. 

(i) Due to an expansion of world trade, the merchants wanted to expand their production. But trade and craft guilds were very powerful.

(ii) They could create many problems for the merchants in their town.

(iii) Rulers had granted monopoly rights to different guilds to produce and trade in specific products. So, merchants were handicapped in towns.

(iv) In the countryside, peasants and artisans were available for work.

(v) Craft guilds were very powerful. They maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices and restricted the entry of new people into the trade.

13. Briefly explain the method and system of production in the countryside in England.

Ans. 

(i) In the 17th and 18th centuries, merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market.

(ii) Merchants could not expand production within towns because urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. So, they turned to the countryside.

(iii) In the countryside, poor peasants and artisans began working for merchants. Cottagers and poor peasants who had earlier depended on common lands for their survival, gathering firewood, berries, vegetables, etc., had to now look for alternative sources of income.

(iv) By working for the merchants, they remained in the countryside and continued to cultivate their small plots. It allowed them a fuller use of their family labour resources.

(v) Within this system, a close relationship developed between the town and the countryside. Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside.

14. How did the factory production begin in England?

Ans. 

(i) In the 17th and 18th centuries, merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market.

(ii) Merchants could not expand production within towns because urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. So, they turned to the countryside.

(iii) In the countryside, poor peasants and artisans began working for merchants. Cottagers and poor peasants who had earlier depended on common lands for their survival, gathering firewood, berries, vegetables, etc., had to now look for alternative sources of income.

(iv) By working for the merchants, they remained in the countryside and continued to cultivate their small plots. It allowed them a fuller use of their family labour resources.

(v) Within this system, a close relationship developed between the town and the countryside. Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside.

15. Explain the five causes of the industrial revolution in England.

Ans: The five causes for the Industrial Revolution in England are as under:

                     i.            The huge amount of capital available with the European opened avenues for further investment in technology and hence the Industrial revolution came about.

                   ii.            The overseas trade of Great Britain was rising with time and this forced them to innovate their technology for large-scale production.

                 iii.            Science was continuously witnessing large-scale research and innovations. The need to give practical shape to these research was felt.

                 iv.            With the rising production, the need was felt to enhance the market. With this expanding market, the available technology would not compete.

                   v.            The most important raw material needed for industrial production like coal and iron were readily available. This facilitated the process of the Industrial Revolution.

16. Why did the industrial revolution begin in England in the latter half of the 18th century? Explain any three reasons.

Ans: The five causes for the Industrial Revolution in England are as under:

                     i.            The huge amount of capital available with the European opened avenues for further investment in technology and hence the Industrial revolution came about.

                   ii.            The overseas trade of Great Britain was rising with time and this forced them to innovate their technology for large-scale production.

                 iii.            Science was continuously witnessing large-scale research and innovations. The need to give practical shape to these research was felt.

                 iv.            With the rising production, the need was felt to enhance the market. With this expanding market, the available technology would not compete.

                   v.            The most important raw material needed for industrial production like coal and iron were readily available. This facilitated the process of the Industrial Revolution.

17. How did the close relationship develop between the town and the countryside during the 19th century?

Ans. 

(i) Cloth merchants purchased wool from a wool stapler and carried it to the spinners.

(ii) The yarn (thread) that was spun, was taken in the subsequent stage of production to weavers, fullers and then to dyers.

(iii) The finishing was done in London before the export merchant sold the cloth in the international market.

18. Describe any five major problems faced by new European merchants in setting up their industries in towns before the industrial revolution.

Ans:- 

(i) Due to the expansion of world trade, the merchants wanted to expand their production. But hade and craft guilds were very powerful.

(ii) They could create money problems for the merchants in their town

(iii) Rulers had granted different guilds and the monopoly rights to produce and trade in specific products. So merchants were handicapped in towns.

(iv) Guilds regulated competition and prices.

(v) In the countryside, peasants and artisans were available for work.

19. What was proto-industrialization? Why did the poor peasants and artisans in the countryside begin to work for the merchants from the towns?  

Ans. 

(i) Proto-industrialization: It was the phase of industrialization before the Industrial Revolution, where there was large-scale industrial production for an international market which was not factory based.

(ii) Poor peasants and artisans began working for merchants because:

(a) Open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed.

(b) Tiny plots of land did not provide enough for the family.

(c) By working for merchants, peasants could remain in the countryside and cultivate their land.

(d) Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their incomes from cultivation.

(e) The family labour resources could be fully used.

20. “In the eighteenth century Europe, the peasants and artisans in the countryside readily agreed to work for the merchants.” Explain any three reasons.

Ans. 

(i) Proto-industrialization: It was the phase of industrialization before the Industrial Revolution, where there was large-scale industrial production for an international market which was not factory based.

(ii) Poor peasants and artisans began working for merchants because:

(a) Open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed.

(b) Tiny plots of land did not provide enough for the family.

(c) By working for merchants, peasants could remain in the countryside and cultivate their land.

(d) Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their incomes from cultivation.

(e) The family labour resources could be fully used.

21. What is meant by proto-industrialization? How did it affect the rural peasants and artisans?

Ans. 

(i) Proto-industrialization: It was the phase of industrialization before the Industrial Revolution, where there was large-scale industrial production for an international market which was not factory based.

(ii) Poor peasants and artisans began working for merchants because:

(a) Open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed.

(b) Tiny plots of land did not provide enough for the family.

(c) By working for merchants, peasants could remain in the countryside and cultivate their land.

(d) Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their incomes from cultivation.

(e) The family labour resources could be fully used.

22. How did the poor peasants and artisans benefit during the proto-industrialization phase?

Ans. 

(i) Proto-industrialization: It was the phase of industrialization before the Industrial Revolution, where there was large-scale industrial production for an international market which was not factory based.

(ii) Poor peasants and artisans began working for merchants because:

(a) Open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed.

(b) Tiny plots of land did not provide enough for the family.

(c) By working for merchants, peasants could remain in the countryside and cultivate their land.

(d) Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their incomes from cultivation.

(e) The family labour resources could be fully used.

23. Why did poor peasants and artisans living in the countryside agree to work for merchants in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Europe? Explain the reasons.

(i) Proto-industrialization: It was the phase of industrialization before the Industrial Revolution, where there was large-scale industrial production for an international market which was not factory based.

(ii) Poor peasants and artisans began working for merchants because:

(a) Open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed.

(b) Tiny plots of land did not provide enough for the family.

(c) By working for merchants, peasants could remain in the countryside and cultivate their land.

(d) Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their incomes from cultivation.

(e) The family labour resources could be fully used.

24. What is meant by proto-industrialization? Why was it successful in the countryside in England in the 17th century?

(i) Proto-industrialization was the early phase of industrialization in Europe and England when there was large-scale industrial production for the international market. This was not based on factories.

(ii) (a) The peasants had been shut-out of village commons due to enclosure movement.

(b) They now looked for alternative sources of income. When merchants offered an advance to produce goods for them, peasant households readily agreed. They could continue to cultivate their small plots and supplement their shrinking income from cultivation.

25. What was ‘proto-industrialization’? Explain the importance of proto-industrialization.

Ans. 

(i) Proto-industrialization was the early phase of industrialization in Europe and England when there was large-scale industrial production for the international market. This was not based on factories.

(ii) (a) The peasants had been shut-out of village commons due to enclosure movement.

(b) They now looked for alternative sources of income. When merchants offered an advance to produce goods for them, peasant households readily agreed. They could continue to cultivate their small plots and supplement their shrinking income from cultivation.

26. Why do historians agree that the typical workers in the mid-nineteenth century were not a machine operator but the traditional craftsperson and labourer?

Ans.

(i) The demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes. For example, in Britain 500 varieties of hammers were produced and 45 kinds of axes. These required human skills; not mechanical technology.

(ii) The aristocrats and the bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hand. Hand-made products came to symbolize refinement and class.

(iii) Hand-made products were better finished, individually produced, and carefully designed.

27. “Historians now have come to increasingly recognize that the typical worker in the mid-nineteenth century was not a machine operator but the traditional craftsperson and labourer.” Analyze the statement.

Ans.

(i) The demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes. For example, in Britain 500 varieties of hammers were produced and 45 kinds of axes. These required human skills; not mechanical technology.

(ii) The aristocrats and the bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hand. Hand-made products came to symbolize refinement and class.

(iii) Hand-made products were better finished, individually produced, and carefully designed.

28. ‘The typical worker in the mid-19th century was not a machine operator but the traditional craftsperson and labourer.’ Support the statement with examples.

Ans.

(i) The demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes. For example, in Britain 500 varieties of hammers were produced and 45 kinds of axes. These required human skills; not mechanical technology.

(ii) The aristocrats and the bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hand. Hand-made products came to symbolize refinement and class.

(iii) Hand-made products were better finished, individually produced, and carefully designed.

29. “The modern industrialization could not marginalize the traditional industries in England.” Justify the statement with any four suitable arguments.

Ans. 

(i) The modern industrialization could not marginalize the traditional industries in England. Even at the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors.

(ii) Textile was a dynamic sector, but a large portion of the output was produced not within factories, but outside, within domestic units.

(iii) Seemingly ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth in many non-mechanized sectors such as food processing, building, pottery, glasswork, tanning, furniture making, and production of implements.

(iv) New technology was expensive and merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it. The machines often broke down and repair was costly.

(v) They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed.

30. Why was it not easy to displace traditional industries by the new industries even at the end of the nineteenth century in Britain? Explain.

Ans. 

(i) The modern industrialization could not marginalize the traditional industries in England. Even at the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors.

(ii) Textile was a dynamic sector, but a large portion of the output was produced not within factories, but outside, within domestic units.

(iii) Seemingly ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth in many non-mechanized sectors such as food processing, building, pottery, glasswork, tanning, furniture making, and production of implements.

(iv) New technology was expensive and merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it. The machines often broke down and repair was costly.

(v) They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed.